ACE-031 vs AICAR

Soluble decoy receptor for ActRIIB; sequesters myostatin, activin, and GDF-11 to remove multiple brakes on muscle and bone growth simultaneously

A soluble decoy receptor that blocks the ActRIIB pathway, inhibiting myostatin and related TGF-β family proteins. Produces dramatic muscle and bone gains but carries cardiovascular risks at high doses.

Converted intracellularly to ZMP, a potent AMPK activator. AMPK activation increases fatty acid oxidation, glucose uptake, and mitochondrial biogenesis — the same metabolic pathways activated by sustained aerobic exercise.

A cell-permeable nucleoside analog that activates AMPK, mimicking cellular exercise signals. Studied for endurance enhancement and metabolic disease research. Not a true peptide — a synthetic nucleoside frequently sold by peptide vendors.