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Peptide Profile

PT-141

Bremelanotide · Vyleesi

PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a synthetic melanocortin receptor agonist and the first centrally acting peptide approved by the FDA for a sexual dysfunction indication — marketed as Vyleesi (Palatin Technologies / AMAG…

Reproductive & HormonalFDA ApprovedPrescription
Used forsexual health
Half-life
2–3 hours
Routes
subcutaneous, intranasal
Find providers View evidence

Educational research information — not medical advice. Review primary sources and consult a qualified professional before any decision.

Educational research tools — not medical advice.

Overview

What PT-141 is

About PT-141

PT-141 is a synthetic analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that activates melanocortin receptors (MC3R and MC4R) in the central nervous system, particularly within the hypothalamus. Unlike peripherally acting agents, it modulates sexual arousal at the CNS level via dopaminergic pathways, independent of vascular mechanisms. Bremelanotide received FDA approval as Vyleesi for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a synthetic melanocortin receptor agonist and the first centrally acting peptide approved by the FDA for a sexual dysfunction indication — marketed as Vyleesi (Palatin Technologies / AMAG Pharmaceuticals) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. Unlike phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors such as sildenafil, which act peripherally through vascular smooth muscle relaxation, PT-141 acts centrally via melanocortin MC3R and MC4R receptors in the hypothalamus to modulate sexual motivation and arousal pathways — a mechanistically distinct approach that is effective regardless of vascular status. Pivotal Phase 3 RCTs in premenopausal women with HSDD demonstrated statistically significant improvements in satisfying sexual events and desire scores versus placebo, establishing the clinical evidence base for FDA approval in 2019. PT-141 dosage: the FDA-approved dose is 1.75mg administered as a single subcutaneous injection in the abdomen using an auto-injector device, approximately 45 minutes before anticipated sexual activity; it should not be used more than once per 24 hours or more than 8 times per month per prescribing guidance. Compounded PT-141 — available through licensed compounding pharmacies — is prepared in various concentrations for use under physician supervision. PT-141 nasal spray formulations have been investigated as an alternative delivery route, though the approved form is subcutaneous injection. PT-141 for men: while FDA approval is limited to premenopausal women with HSDD, PT-141 is used off-label in men for sexual dysfunction, including cases where PDE5 inhibitors are insufficient or contraindicated; the central mechanism of action is not sex-specific. Side effects: the most common adverse effect is nausea (reported in approximately 40% of subjects in pivotal trials), followed by flushing, headache, and transient hyperpigmentation with repeated use. A transient increase in blood pressure is observed in the first hour post-injection; PT-141 is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension or cardiovascular disease. PT-141 (Vyleesi) is FDA-approved and requires a prescription; compounding pharmacy access also requires a prescription. Providers offering PT-141 consultations — including telehealth platforms — can be found in the PeptideBase directory.

Women's Health

Bremelanotide (marketed as Vyleesi) is FDA-approved specifically for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women, based on Phase 3 RECONNECT trial data; systematic review characterizes the clinical benefit as modest, with nausea/flushing as common adverse effects and cardiovascular contraindications (uncontrolled hypertension, known cardiovascular disease). It is not evidenced or approved for menopausal indications, and prescribing information directs use of contraception with discontinuation if pregnancy is suspected — there is no human pregnancy safety data supporting continued use.

PT-141 Benefits & Research Areas

centrally mediated sexual arousal via MC3R and MC4R agonismFDA-approved as Vyleesi (bremelanotide) for HSDD in premenopausal womenoff-label use in men for erectile dysfunction and libidonausea and flushing reported in ~40% of users — dose-timing management

Research Signals

Commonly researched in the context of

Hormonal Changes

Population research notes

18–2930s40s50+

These signals reflect research interest areas, not treatment indications.

Pharmacokinetics

PT-141 half-life calculator

Compound & timing

Half-lifefrom PeptideBase data
Source: "2–3 hours" · PT-141 (PeptideBase)
to show amount remaining
3 h
0%25%50%75%100%03.16.29.41216time since dose (h)
Plasma decay curve for PT-141: 35% to 50% remaining at 3 h after the dose.
range (2–3 hours)slower half-life
35%–50%remaining in plasmaat 3 h after the dose
Half-life
2 – 3 h
~97% cleared after
15 h

Model: single-dose, first-order (single-compartment) estimate. Real clearance is multi-compartment and varies by individual and route.

The Research

What the evidence says about PT-141

Research Evidence

based on 5 studies · 1 RCT · most recent 2026

Regulatory Status

Availability Status
Prescription
FDA Status
FDA Approved
Effective Date
June 21, 2019
Source
View FDA source →

FDA-approved as Vyleesi for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

Regulatory status reflects publicly available information and may change. This is not legal or medical advice.

Research Sources

5 sources cited · 1 strong · 4 weak

1 RCT · 4 Reviews

  • Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials

    Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2019

    Two phase 3 RECONNECT trials demonstrated that bremelanotide 1.75 mg subcutaneous significantly improved sexual desire scores and reduced related sexual distress compared with placebo in premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

    RCTn=1,247StrongPMID 31599840

  • Therapeutic Peptides in Aesthetic, Metabolic and Endocrine Conditions: Effects, Safety, Clinical Applications, and Future Perspectives.

    Int J Mol Sci · 2026

    # Summary This research paper reviewed therapeutic peptides as treatments for metabolic, endocrine, and aesthetic conditions, finding that while approved peptide drugs show promise for treating type 2 diabetes, obesity, and skin aging, many novel unapproved peptides lack sufficient safety data for human use. The study emphasizes that although peptides represent an innovative therapeutic approach, additional rigorous research is required before most new compounds can be safely administered to patients.

    ReviewTheoreticalPMID 42123471

  • The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women

    CNS Spectrums · 2021

    This review describes how bremelanotide activates melanocortin-4 receptors in the hypothalamic medial preoptic area, increasing dopamine release through the excitatory sexual response pathway, providing a mechanistic basis for its clinical effects on sexual desire.

    ReviewTheoreticalPMID 33455598
Show 2 more sources ↓

  • Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

    Ann Pharmacother · 2020

    Systematic review notes modest clinical benefit alongside FDA approval.

    ReviewTheoreticalPMID 31893927

  • Bremelanotide: First Approval

    Drugs · 2019

    Documents FDA approval of bremelanotide (Vyleesi) for premenopausal HSDD.

    ReviewTheoreticalPMID 31429064

PT-141 Side Effects & Safety Considerations

Contraindications below are derived from the compound’s FDA label. Educational only — not medical advice.

Absolute contraindications

Situations where this compound should not be used. Educational only — not medical advice.

Uncontrolled hypertensionKnown cardiovascular diseaseKnown hypersensitivity

Warnings & cautions

Transient BP increase / HR decrease after dosingNot recommended in patients at high risk for CVDFocal hyperpigmentation with repeated useReduces efficacy of naltrexone-containing products (concurrent use not recommended)Pregnancy — avoid

Source: FDA label

Common monitoring markers in research protocols

FDA prescribing information for bremelanotide identifies transient blood pressure elevation as the primary safety concern. Baseline cardiovascular assessment and BP monitoring are recommended.

Blood pressure

Consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health decisions. This information is educational only and does not constitute medical advice.

Known Interactions

2 noted

Pharmaceutical interactions are noted for research awareness. Always consult your prescriber before combining PT-141 with any medication.

Synergistic1
Oxytocin
Emerging

Research suggests PT-141 and Oxytocin may produce complementary sexual health effects when combined. PT-141 activates central melanocortin receptors involved in arousal signaling, while oxytocin modulates bonding, reward, and peripheral reproductive pathways.

Pfaus JG et al. (2007) The biology and psychology of sexual arousal. J Sex Med; Carmichael MS et al. (1987) Plasma oxytocin increases in the human sexual response. J Clin Endocrinol Metab

Use With Caution1
Antihypertensive medicationsPharmaceutical
Emerging

Research notes that PT-141 may influence cardiovascular hemodynamics via central melanocortin pathways. Combined use with antihypertensive medications may require monitoring. Consult your prescriber before combining.

King SH et al. (2007) Melanocortin receptors and erectile function. Eur Urol Suppl; Diamond LE et al. (2004) Efficacy and safety of PT-141. J Sex Med

These interactions reflect published research and are provided for educational purposes only. This is not medical advice. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before combining any compounds or medications.

Compare

VS

PT-141

Third-party testing data

5 verified COAs

Median tested purity

99.9%

Median tested purity of 99.9% across 5 verified third-party lab COAs (interquartile range 99.9%–99.9%), as reported by the independent testing labs below. PeptideBase reports these lab-published figures and does not itself test, endorse, or certify any product.

Independent labs
Freedom Diagnostics, Janoshik Analytical
Most recent test
June 2026

PeptideBase provides educational research tools and provider discovery. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, treatment, prescribing guidance, or dosing instructions. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before making health decisions.

Certificates of Analysis

Cross-vendor verified28 COAs on record for PT-141

PeptideBase reports these lab-published figures and does not itself test, endorse, or certify any product. Confirmed by lab results were matched against the issuing laboratory's own records — either the lab served the document, or its own hosted copy matches ours byte for byte. For every other result the badge states what is known about the lab: that it can be checked and no result is recorded yet, that it can't be checked, or that we have not reviewed it.

PeptideBase provides educational research tools and provider discovery. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, treatment, prescribing guidance, or dosing instructions. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before making health decisions.

Community Experience

What people report about PT-141

n=76high confidence

Self-reported, anecdotal experiences aggregated from public Reddit discussions — community sentiment, not clinical evidence or medical advice.

Outcome distribution

47%improved
Improved
36 · 47%
Mixed
22 · 29%
No clear effect
10 · 13%
Worse
8 · 11%

Outcomes by goal · improved % · reports

Libido & arousal43% improved · 61 reports
Erectile function70% improved · 10 reports
Sexual satisfaction60% improved · 5 reports

Side effects people mention

Counts are mentions across reports, not incidence rates.

Nausea27
Flushing9
Fatigue8
Sexual side effect7
Injection site reaction5
Skin darkening5
Numbness tingling4
Insomnia3
Joint pain3
Anxiety2

Most reported

  • Nausea was the most frequently reported side effect, often severe enough to ruin the experience22×thread 1thread 2thread 3
  • Many users reported intensified arousal and heightened physical sensitivity as primary benefits24×thread 1thread 2thread 3
  • Effects were consistently delayed by several hours, sometimes not arriving until the following day15×thread 1thread 2thread 3
  • Skin darkening was a notable and recurring side effect, especially with sun exposure6×thread 1thread 2thread 3
  • Some users experienced uncomfortable leg sensations or restlessness that significantly disrupted the experience5×thread 1thread 2thread 3

What they wish they'd known

  • Many wish they had known how wildly variable individual responses and onset timing can be14×thread 1thread 2thread 3
  • People often wished they had managed expectations, as effects were frequently subtler than anticipated12×thread 1thread 2thread 3
  • Several users discovered that underlying hormonal imbalances limited or negated the compound's effectiveness8×thread 1thread 2thread 3
  • Users wish they had known nausea could be severe enough to make the experience unworkable10×thread 1thread 2thread 3
  • Nasal and injectable forms produced meaningfully different experiences, something many users learned only after trying both6×thread 1thread 2thread 3

Based on 76 community reports · Updated

Frequently Asked Questions — PT-141

PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a synthetic melanocortin receptor agonist and the first centrally acting peptide approved by the FDA for a sexual dysfunction indication — marketed as Vyleesi (Palatin Technologies / AMAG Pharmaceuticals) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. Unlike phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors such as sildenafil, which act peripherally through vascular smooth muscle relaxation, PT-141 acts centrally via melanocortin MC3R and MC4R receptors in the hypothalamus to modulate sexual motivation and arousal pathways — a mechanistically distinct approach that is effective regardless of vascular status.

centrally mediated sexual arousal via MC3R and MC4R agonism, FDA-approved as Vyleesi (bremelanotide) for HSDD in premenopausal women, off-label use in men for erectile dysfunction and libido, nausea and flushing reported in ~40% of users — dose-timing management.

Research on PT-141 primarily documents effects related to centrally mediated sexual arousal via MC3R and MC4R agonism and FDA-approved as Vyleesi (bremelanotide) for HSDD in premenopausal women and off-label use in men for erectile dysfunction and libido and nausea and flushing reported in ~40% of users — dose-timing management. These are areas covered in preclinical and clinical literature — individual response varies and effects depend on context of use.

Reported contraindications and considerations for PT-141 include Uncontrolled hypertension, Known cardiovascular disease, Known hypersensitivity. 5 additional considerations are noted in the safety profile above. This is educational information only — consult a qualified healthcare professional before use.

For PT-141, its FDA status is FDA-approved, and it is available by prescription. Regulatory status reflects publicly available information and may change. This is not legal or medical advice.

237 providers in the directory currently offer PT-141.

Across 53 research vendors tracked on PeptideBase, PT-141 has a median price of about $4.05 per mg, typically ranging $3.22–$4.50 per mg. This reflects research-use vendor pricing, not clinical or prescription costs.

Two phase 3 RECONNECT trials demonstrated that bremelanotide 1.75 mg subcutaneous significantly improved sexual desire scores and reduced related sexual distress compared with placebo in premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

PT-141 is featured in the following research stacks on PeptideBase: PT-141 + Kisspeptin-10: Sexual Health.

Access

How to get PT-141

Market Pricing

53 vendors
$3.22/mgBudget
$4.05/mgMedian
$4.50/mgPremium
$3.22
$4.05
$4.50

Price per mg varies by quantity, vendor type, and formulation. Research use only.

Data verified August 2026 · PT-141 price intelligence

Compare 53 vendors →
Compare all 53 vendors →

Where to buy PT-141

237 providers
●188 Clinics●16 Telehealth●6 Pharmacies●25 Online Vendors●2 Physicians1 mid281 in stock11 on request
10/10
View all 237 providers →

Research stacks

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Commonly stacked with

Kisspeptin-10

Questions to ask your provider

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Cite this page

Data last updated August 26, 2026

Free to reference and republish with attribution to PeptideBase. Choose a format:

PeptideBase. (2026). PT-141 — Per-mg Price Benchmark. Retrieved September 11, 2026, from https://peptidebase.io/peptides/pt-141
https://peptidebase.io/peptides/pt-141MethodologyLicenseDownload JSONDownload CSV

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