Angiotensin (1-7) vs Thymalin

Binds Mas receptor (MasR), activating nitric oxide synthase and reducing oxidative stress. Opposes TGF-β and angiotensin II signaling to reduce fibrosis. Enhances insulin sensitivity and provides cardiovascular protection.

Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is an endogenous heptapeptide hormone generated primarily through cleavage of angiotensin II by ACE2, functioning as a counter-regulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by binding the Mas receptor to promote vasodilation, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects that oppose the vasoconstrictive actions of angiotensin II. Ang-(1-7) acts through the ACE2/Mas receptor axis to reduce oxidative stress, attenuate NF-kB-mediated inflammation, and suppress TGF-beta fibrosis signaling; the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis has emerged as a key regulatory pathway in cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and gained renewed research attention given ACE2's role as the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. A Phase 1-2 randomized clinical trial of Ang-(1-7) infusion in COVID-19 ICU patients reported preliminary safety, tolerability, and dose-response data, providing the primary indexed human pharmacokinetic evidence; broader cardiovascular protective applications are supported by preclinical data but have not been established by completed Phase 3 trials. Ang-(1-7) has no FDA approval and no approved therapeutic indication in any jurisdiction; it is an endogenous peptide under active clinical investigation as a candidate for cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory conditions, with emerging human safety data but an incomplete evidence base for any specific approved clinical use.

Thymic peptide bioregulator; restores thymic function and T-cell production; modulates cytokine balance; shown to extend lifespan in animal models

Thymalin is a polypeptide preparation and Khavinson-class bioregulator derived from thymic tissue, proposed to restore age-related immune dysfunction associated with thymic involution by supplying thymic hormonal signals that support T-lymphocyte differentiation, immune homeostasis, and immunological reserve in elderly subjects. As a thymic bioregulator, thymalin is proposed to modulate gene expression in aging lymphoid cells through peptide-chromatin interactions and to support thymopoiesis and T-cell maturation in subjects whose endogenous thymic output has declined with age-associated involution. Published observational research from the Khavinson laboratory documented that long-term supplementation with thymalin and related thymic and pineal peptides was associated with significantly reduced all-cause mortality in elderly cohorts over extended follow-up, and earlier work reported geroprotective effects of thymalin and epithalamin in Russian geriatric research populations. Thymalin is not FDA-approved; it is available as a clinical preparation in Russia, where it has regulatory approval for immune support in elderly patients, and its evidence base derives from Russian-origin observational and preclinical studies with limited independent replication by international standards. Thymalin benefits investigated in preclinical and clinical research include immune system restoration in aged subjects, improved T-lymphocyte counts and function, modulation of cytokine balance toward anti-inflammatory profiles, and partial reversal of age-associated thymic involution. Long-term studies in aged animal models have documented lifespan extension with thymalin administration, and observational research in elderly human cohorts using thymic peptide preparations has associated treatment with reduced all-cause mortality over multiyear follow-up periods — findings published in Russian medical literature. As a thymic bioregulator, thymalin is proposed to work by restoring the hormonal output of the aging thymus rather than by immunosuppression or direct cytokine administration, distinguishing it from synthetic immunomodulatory drugs. Research interest also includes thymalin for age-related infections susceptibility, autoimmune regulation, and overall immune resilience as part of longevity-focused bioregulator protocols.