Selank is believed to modulate the expression of GABA-A receptor subunits and increase BDNF levels, contributing to its anxiolytic and neuroprotective profile. It appears to regulate serotonin transporter gene expression and influence dopaminergic signalling. Unlike classical anxiolytics, it does not appear to produce tolerance or physical dependence in animal models.

Semax is believed to upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other neuroprotective factors, enhancing neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. It modulates the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, contributing to its reported effects on mood and focus. Its mechanism of action differs from classical stimulants — it does not act on adrenergic receptors and does not produce typical stimulant tolerance or dependence patterns.