Longevity & Anti-Aging Peptides

Angiotensin (1-7)

Ang-(1-7) · Ang 1-7 · MasR agonist

Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is an endogenous heptapeptide hormone generated primarily through cleavage of angiotensin II by ACE2, functioning as a counter-regulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by binding the Mas receptor to promote vasodilation, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects that oppose the vasoconstrictive actions of angiotensin II. Ang-(1-7) acts through the ACE2/Mas receptor axis to reduce oxidative stress, attenuate NF-kB-mediated inflammation, and suppress TGF-beta fibrosis signaling; the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis has emerged as a key regulatory pathway in cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and gained renewed research attention given ACE2's role as the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. A Phase 1-2 randomized clinical trial of Ang-(1-7) infusion in COVID-19 ICU patients reported preliminary safety, tolerability, and dose-response data, providing the primary indexed human pharmacokinetic evidence; broader cardiovascular protective applications are supported by preclinical data but have not been established by completed Phase 3 trials. Ang-(1-7) has no FDA approval and no approved therapeutic indication in any jurisdiction; it is an endogenous peptide under active clinical investigation as a candidate for cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory conditions, with emerging human safety data but an incomplete evidence base for any specific approved clinical use.

ARA-290

Cibinetide · Innate Repair Receptor agonist

ARA 290 (cibinetide) is a synthetic 11-amino-acid peptide derived from the helix B region of erythropoietin (EPO), engineered to activate the innate repair receptor (IRR) — a tissue-protective heteroreceptor complex comprising the EPO receptor and the β-common receptor (CD131) — without engaging the classical erythropoietic EpoR homodimer, thereby separating EPO's tissue-protective signaling from its hematopoietic effects. By selectively engaging the IRR rather than the erythropoietic receptor, cibinetide activates anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic intracellular pathways in neurons, endothelium, and other metabolically active tissues without causing erythrocytosis, hypertension, or thrombosis, making it a candidate for neuropathy and inflammatory tissue injury contexts. Randomized, double-blind Phase 2 clinical trials have demonstrated that cibinetide improves metabolic control and neuropathic symptom scores in patients with type 2 diabetes, and a separate study demonstrated improved corneal nerve fiber abundance in patients with sarcoidosis-associated small fiber neuropathy — providing human proof-of-concept for both diabetic and inflammatory peripheral neuropathy applications. Cibinetide (ARA 290) is an investigational compound that has not received FDA approval for any indication; Phase 2 data supports further investigation in peripheral neuropathies, but no Phase 3 completion or regulatory filing has occurred as of 2025.

Cerluten

brain peptide bioregulator · cerebral Khavinson peptide · CNS cytomax

Cerluten is a synthetic short peptide classified as a Khavinson-class bioregulator targeted at cerebral and central nervous system tissue, investigated for neuroprotective and anti-aging properties in neuronal cell populations through proposed gene expression regulatory mechanisms. Like other Khavinson bioregulator peptides, cerluten is proposed to reach target neuronal cells via amino acid transporter uptake — including proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters (POT) and large amino acid transporters (LAT) — and to modulate transcriptional activity in aging or damaged neural tissue. Published research on Khavinson-class ultrashort peptides has characterized intracellular transport via POT and LAT carriers and demonstrated gene expression regulatory effects across multiple tissue types, providing the class-level mechanistic framework within which cerluten's neuronal effects are proposed. Cerluten has no FDA approval or regulatory approval in any major Western jurisdiction; evidence derives from Khavinson-series preclinical and class-level studies with no independent clinical trials published in Western-indexed journals. Cerluten dosing and respiratory applications Cerluten is classified as a bronchial tissue bioregulator in the Khavinson peptide research tradition, proposed to act on bronchial epithelial cells via amino acid transporter uptake and modulate gene expression related to respiratory tissue maintenance and oxidative stress response in aging airways. Preclinical and observational research in Eastern European clinical settings has examined cerluten in contexts of chronic bronchitis, age-related decline in respiratory function, and COPD support, with proposed mechanisms including anti-inflammatory gene regulation and bronchial epithelial cell cytoprotection. Standard Khavinson-class dosing protocols use oral capsule formulations in 10–20 day cycles at 5–10mg per cycle (divided doses), followed by rest intervals — consistent with the gene-regulatory rather than continuous-receptor-occupancy mechanism proposed for this peptide class. Independent peer-reviewed clinical trial evidence specific to cerluten is limited; efficacy data comes primarily from Khavinson Institute publications and observational reports. Cerluten is available from specialty Eastern European supplement and peptide vendors and is not approved by the FDA or EMA as a pharmaceutical. It is distinct from Chonluten, which targets lung parenchyma rather than bronchial epithelial tissue.

Cortagen

vascular peptide bioregulator · cardiovascular Khavinson peptide · vessel cytomax

Cortagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) classified as a Khavinson-class bioregulator derived from cerebral cortex tissue, investigated for gene expression regulatory effects in neural and cardiac tissue. As a Khavinson-class bioregulator, cortagen is proposed to modulate transcriptional activity in aging target tissue by interacting with gene regulatory elements; microarray analysis of cardiac gene expression following cortagen administration has demonstrated broad effects on transcriptional profiles across multiple functional gene categories, suggesting tissue-regulatory activity beyond its cortical tissue origin. Published research on Khavinson-class peptides has further characterized the systematic gene expression regulatory potential of short bioregulator peptides across tissue types, providing the mechanistic context within which cortagen's transcriptional effects are interpreted. Cortagen has no FDA approval or regulatory approval in any major Western jurisdiction; evidence derives from Khavinson-series preclinical studies with no independent clinical trials published in Western-indexed journals. Cortagen benefits investigated in preclinical research include neuroprotective effects in neural tissue, cardiovascular gene expression modulation, and support for vascular wall integrity in aged animal models. As a brain cortex-derived Khavinson bioregulator, cortagen is proposed to regulate transcription in neural and cardiac tissue through chromatin-level mechanisms, potentially preserving tissue-specific gene expression patterns that decline with aging. Research interest encompasses cortagen's role in neurological aging, post-ischemic brain tissue recovery in preclinical models, and combined bioregulator protocols that pair cortagen with cardiovascular and metabolic peptides for comprehensive longevity applications. Cortagen is a research compound with no regulatory approval in any jurisdiction; evidence is limited to preclinical studies and Russian clinical research literature, with no independent randomized trials published in Western peer-reviewed journals.

Endoluten

pineal peptide bioregulator · pineal Khavinson peptide · pineal cytomax

Endoluten is a Khavinson-class peptide bioregulator derived from pineal gland tissue, developed through Vladimir Khavinson's systematic organ-specific bioregulator research program at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, and proposed to restore physiological circadian regulation and melatonin synthesis by modulating gene expression in aging pineal epithelial cells through interaction with chromatin regulatory elements. As a pineal tissue-derived bioregulator, Endoluten operates within the mechanistic framework established for the Khavinson class: short peptides (2–4 amino acids) are proposed to bind specific DNA regulatory sequences in tissue-target cells, activating gene expression programs that decline with age and restoring physiological function through epigenetic mechanisms rather than receptor agonism. Published research on Khavinson-class peptide bioregulators as a class has characterized this peptide-DNA interaction mechanism and documented restorative effects on tissue-specific physiological parameters in aging animal models and human observational studies, providing class-level biological plausibility for pineal peptide bioregulators as age-related circadian and neuroendocrine regulators. Endoluten has no FDA approval and no approved indication in any Western jurisdiction; no indexed published studies using the Endoluten name specifically characterize its clinical outcomes in controlled trials, and its use is confined to the Russian integrative and anti-aging medicine context where Khavinson bioregulators are commercially available.

Epithalon

Epitalon · Epithalamin · Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly

Epithalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly; AEDG peptide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson as a more stable analog of the native pineal tetrapeptide epithalamin, proposed to restore physiological circadian rhythm regulation and telomerase activity in aging cells, and to exert broad anti-aging effects through epigenetic gene expression modulation in pineal and other tissues. Epithalon is proposed to activate telomerase and modulate telomere maintenance in aging somatic cells, normalize melatonin production and the neuroendocrine-immune axis, and restore physiological parameters that decline with aging; in vitro studies and preclinical animal models provide mechanistic support for these effects. Published human studies from the Khavinson group include a controlled clinical trial demonstrating epithalon's effects on retinal function in retinitis pigmentosa patients and observational data showing melatonin rhythm normalization in elderly subjects, representing the strongest indexed clinical evidence specifically for epithalon; both studies are formally indexed in PubMed. Epithalon has no FDA approval and no approved indication in any Western jurisdiction; published clinical evidence derives from a single research group without external independent replication by standard Western trial methodology, and while the mechanistic and observational research is indexed in peer-reviewed journals, the evidence base does not meet the threshold for established efficacy in any recognized clinical condition. Epithalon dosage protocols: no human clinical trial has established a standardized dosing regimen for epithalon. The published Khavinson clinical research does not report specific dose-response data in a format translatable to general dosing guidance. Research protocols and anecdotal bodybuilding and anti-aging community practice commonly reference epithalon at doses of 5–10mg per injection administered subcutaneously, with course lengths of 10–20 consecutive daily injections repeated one to two times per year — a pattern derived from the animal research and the Khavinson group's general bioregulator protocol framework, not from a dose-ranging clinical trial. Intranasal delivery has also been explored due to direct CNS access via the olfactory pathway. Epithalon is a research compound with no approved clinical dosing guidelines in any jurisdiction; all dosing references reflect preclinical and anecdotal research contexts only.

Foxo4-DRI

Foxo4-D-Retro-Inverso · Proxofim · Senolytic peptide

FOXO4-DRI is a synthetic D-amino acid retro-inverso (DRI) peptide that disrupts the interaction between the FOXO4 transcription factor and p53 in senescent cells, triggering apoptosis selectively in cells with an activated senescent secretory phenotype (SASP) while sparing non-senescent cells in which this interaction is not tonically antiapoptotic. In senescent cells, overexpressed FOXO4 sequesters p53 in the nucleus and prevents it from initiating apoptosis, enabling the persistence of metabolically active senescent cells that secrete pro-inflammatory SASP cytokines; FOXO4-DRI competitively disrupts this FOXO4-p53 interaction, freeing p53 to activate its apoptotic transcriptional program specifically in cells where the FOXO4 sequestration is functionally relevant. The foundational study published in Cell demonstrated that FOXO4-DRI selectively induced apoptosis in senescent cells in vivo in mice, restoring tissue homeostasis in both chemotherapy-induced and naturally aged animals; subsequent molecular modeling work has characterized the FOXO4-TP53 interaction interface to guide further senolytic peptide design, though published evidence in humans is absent and the preclinical literature remains limited. FOXO4-DRI is a research compound with no regulatory approval in any jurisdiction; it has been studied only in preclinical animal models, and no human pharmacokinetic, safety, or clinical efficacy data has been established.

HLDF-6

Human Leukemia Differentiation Factor 6 · TGENHR hexapeptide

HLDF-6 (human leukemia differentiation factor hexapeptide; TGENHR) is a synthetic hexapeptide derived from a sequence of the HLDF protein, investigated in preclinical models for neuroprotective properties in conditions including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, where it is proposed to reduce neuroinflammation, protect against beta-amyloid toxicity, and attenuate dopaminergic neuron loss. HLDF-6 is proposed to modulate inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress pathways, with potential effects on acetylcholinesterase activity; preclinical animal studies in transgenic Alzheimer's models and MPTP-induced Parkinson's models suggest cognitive-protective properties at the cellular and behavioral level. No published human clinical trials, pharmacokinetic studies, or safety evaluations of HLDF-6 administration have been indexed in PubMed; the entirety of its evidence base consists of rodent and cell-based studies, and no regulatory authority has evaluated or approved HLDF-6 for any human indication. HLDF-6 has no FDA approval or regulatory approval in any jurisdiction; it is a neuroprotective research compound with a defined mechanistic hypothesis and an exclusively preclinical evidence base, and the translation of its animal model findings to human therapeutic outcomes has not been investigated.

Humanin

HN · MART

Humanin is a mitochondrially encoded 21-amino-acid peptide originally identified through its capacity to suppress neuronal apoptosis induced by familial Alzheimer's disease gene products, now recognized as a founding member of the class of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) with broad cytoprotective actions in neurons, cardiomyocytes, and other metabolically stressed cell types. Humanin exerts its cytoprotective effects through multiple mechanisms: extracellularly, it binds insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) to regulate IGFBP-3's interaction with nuclear import machinery and modulate its proapoptotic signaling; intracellularly, it inhibits c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activation through SH3-binding protein 5 to suppress stress-induced apoptotic cascades. PNAS research established that humanin interacts with IGFBP-3 to regulate cell survival and apoptosis, characterizing a molecular basis for its anti-apoptotic activity, and subsequent work identified JNK inhibition as an additional neuroprotective mechanism in humanin-treated neuronal preparations. Humanin is a research compound with no regulatory approval in any jurisdiction; published evidence is predominantly from in vitro and preclinical models, and no human clinical trials have been completed to establish pharmacokinetic, safety, or efficacy parameters for exogenous humanin administration.

Klotho

alpha-Klotho · a-Klotho · soluble Klotho

Klotho is an endogenous transmembrane protein and circulating hormone encoded by the KL gene, expressed primarily in kidney distal tubules and brain choroid plexus, that functions as a co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and as a systemic anti-aging regulatory factor; circulating alpha-klotho levels decline progressively with age and have been associated with accelerated aging phenotypes, cognitive decline, and increased cardiovascular mortality in large human cohort studies. Soluble klotho exerts pleiotropic protective effects including suppression of IGF-1 and Wnt signaling, reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, regulation of calcium-phosphate homeostasis via FGF23 co-signaling, and neuroprotective effects relevant to brain aging; mouse models overexpressing klotho live approximately 30% longer while klotho-deficient mice develop premature aging syndromes, establishing it as a key longevity regulator in mammals. Human epidemiological and cohort data — including a systematic review and meta-analysis and a large PNAS cohort study — support significant associations between higher circulating klotho levels and better cognitive performance, lower dementia incidence, and reduced cardiovascular mortality, establishing klotho as a robust human biomarker of healthy aging. Exogenous klotho has no FDA approval and no human interventional trial data; while preclinical administration of recombinant klotho has shown promising anti-aging effects in animal models, the compound remains an active research target rather than an established therapeutic, and its use as an administered agent in humans is not supported by any published clinical evidence.

Livagen

Lys-Glu-Asp-Glu · Liver bioregulator · Khavinson liver peptide

Livagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide classified as a Khavinson-class bioregulator targeted at liver and hepatocyte tissue, investigated for cytoprotective and anti-aging effects on hepatocellular gene expression and chromatin organization through proposed regulatory mechanisms analogous to other short Khavinson-class bioregulators. Like other Khavinson bioregulator peptides, livagen is proposed to modulate gene expression in target hepatocyte cells through epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms, with tissue-specific targeting proposed to support hepatocyte function and liver regenerative capacity under conditions of aging-related cellular stress. Published research on Khavinson-class ultrashort peptides has characterized neuroepigenetic mechanisms of action in aging tissue models and demonstrated peptide regulation of cell differentiation in progenitor populations, providing the class-level mechanistic context for livagen's proposed hepatic regulatory effects. Livagen has no FDA approval or regulatory approval in any major Western jurisdiction; evidence derives entirely from Khavinson-series preclinical and class-level studies with no independent clinical trials published in Western-indexed journals.

MOTS-c

Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c

MOTS-c (mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c) is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the 12S ribosomal RNA gene of the mitochondrial genome, secreted from mitochondria into the cytoplasm and circulation in response to metabolic stress and exercise, where it functions as a hormonal signal regulating nuclear gene expression to promote metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. MOTS-c translocates from mitochondria to the nucleus under metabolic stress conditions, where it activates AMPK-dependent pathways that increase glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, reduce lipid accumulation, and modulate one-carbon metabolism through the AICAR-AMPK-folate cycle — effects that parallel some metabolic actions of physical exercise and metformin. Foundational research published in Cell Metabolism characterized MOTS-c as a mitochondrially encoded metabolic hormone that promotes metabolic homeostasis, reduces obesity, and improves insulin resistance in preclinical models, and subsequent work has analyzed its broad metabolic regulatory role and clinical potential as an insulin-sensitizing agent. MOTS-c is a research compound with no regulatory approval in any jurisdiction; while circulating MOTS-c levels in humans have been characterized and decline with age, no clinical trials have established safety or efficacy for exogenous MOTS-c administration. MOTS-c dosage protocol: No human clinical trial has established a reference dosing protocol for exogenous MOTS-c administration. Animal research protocols examining MOTS-c metabolic effects have used subcutaneous injection as the primary delivery route, with doses determined by body weight in rodent models. Human circulating MOTS-c levels have been measured in exercise and aging studies — endogenous levels decline with age and rise transiently with aerobic exercise — but these observations do not establish a target dose for supplemental administration. Research interest focuses on MOTS-c as a potential exercise mimetic and insulin sensitizer, with investigation of dosing frequency and timing relative to metabolic challenge or fasted states. MOTS-c is a research compound; there are no approved human dosing guidelines for any indication.

Ovagen

liver peptide bioregulator · hepatic Khavinson peptide · liver cytomax

Ovagen is a Khavinson-class peptide bioregulator derived from ovarian tissue, developed through Vladimir Khavinson's systematic organ-specific bioregulator research program at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, and proposed to restore gene expression and physiological function in aging ovarian tissue by interacting with chromatin regulatory elements in target cells. As an ovarian tissue-derived bioregulator, Ovagen is positioned within the Khavinson framework as a compound designed to modulate transcription in Leydig and granulosa cells, potentially influencing estrogen synthesis, follicular function, and reproductive aging; the class-level mechanistic research has characterized how short Khavinson peptides bind DNA regulatory sequences to activate tissue-specific gene expression programs. Published research on the Khavinson peptide bioregulator class as a whole documents the systematic discovery and characterization of organ-specific peptides, with class-level evidence from animal models and human observational studies demonstrating restorative effects on tissue-specific physiological parameters across multiple organ systems. Ovagen has no FDA approval and no approved indication in any Western jurisdiction; no indexed PubMed studies specifically characterize ovagen's clinical outcomes in human subjects, and the compound is available only through the Russian bioregulator market under the class-level evidence framework established by the Khavinson group's published research.

Retinalamin

Retinal bioregulator · Khavinson retinal peptide · bovine retina peptide

Retinalamin is a polypeptide bioregulator preparation derived from retinal tissue, classified as a Khavinson-class agent investigated for neuroprotective and anti-aging effects in photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, proposed to support visual function by modulating gene expression and cellular homeostasis in aging retinal tissue. Like other Khavinson bioregulator preparations, retinalamin is proposed to exert tissue-specific regulatory effects through intracellular transport of ultrashort active peptide components via amino acid carrier mechanisms, modulating transcriptional activity in retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells under degenerative or age-related stress conditions. Published research on Khavinson-class ultrashort peptides has characterized intracellular transport mechanisms via POT and LAT carriers and neuroepigenetic regulatory actions in aging neural tissue, providing the class-level mechanistic framework within which retinalamin's retinal effects are proposed. Retinalamin has no FDA approval; it is used as a clinical preparation in Russia and Eastern Europe for degenerative retinal conditions, and its evidence base derives from Russian-origin preclinical and observational studies that have not been independently replicated in Western-indexed clinical literature.

SS-31

Elamipretide · Bendavia · MTP-131

SS-31 (elamipretide; Szeto-Schiller peptide 31; MTP-131; bendavia) is a synthetic cardiolipin-targeting tetrapeptide that selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane through electrostatic interaction with cardiolipin, where it stabilizes cristae ultrastructure, preserves electron transport chain assembly, and reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production to protect against ischemic and metabolic mitochondrial injury. By binding cardiolipin at the inner mitochondrial membrane, SS-31 maintains the protein-lipid interactions required for efficient electron transport chain supercomplex formation, preserving cytochrome c association with complexes I–IV, reducing electron leak, and sustaining the proton gradient required for ATP synthase activity — thereby protecting energy production in cardiomyocytes, neurons, and renal tubular cells under ischemic or oxidative stress. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial published in Circulation Heart Failure demonstrated that elamipretide improved cardiac function in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and a Phase 2a trial published in Circulation Cardiovascular Interventions provided additional human evidence of mitochondrial protection in the context of renal artery stenosis revascularization. Elamipretide has not received FDA approval; it has received rare pediatric disease designation for Barth syndrome and has been studied in multiple Phase 2 trials including heart failure, primary mitochondrial myopathy, and geographic atrophy, with ongoing Phase 3 development programs as of 2025.

Teriparatide

Forteo · PTH 1-34 · Parathyroid Hormone 1-34

Teriparatide (PTH(1-34); Forteo) is a synthetic 34-amino-acid peptide corresponding to the biologically active N-terminal fragment of endogenous parathyroid hormone, developed as the first FDA-approved anabolic bone agent for osteoporosis — a compound that stimulates new bone formation rather than merely inhibiting bone resorption. Teriparatide activates the PTH/PTHrP receptor (PTH1R) on osteoblasts; when administered as intermittent pulsatile subcutaneous injections, it drives net bone formation by stimulating osteoblast activity, increasing bone mineral density, improving trabecular microarchitecture, and reducing fracture risk — a distinct mechanism from antiresorptive agents such as bisphosphonates. A comprehensive systematic review and network meta-analysis published in the Annals of Internal Medicine (2023), integrating multiple randomized controlled trials, established teriparatide among the most effective pharmacological interventions for fracture prevention in osteoporosis, with significant reductions in vertebral and non-vertebral fracture risk versus placebo. Teriparatide (Forteo, Eli Lilly) is FDA-approved and requires a prescription; it is indicated for postmenopausal women, men with osteoporosis, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis at high fracture risk, with a maximum treatment duration of two years due to preclinical osteosarcoma findings; biosimilar teriparatide preparations are available in multiple international markets.

Testagen

Testagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide and Khavinson-class peptide bioregulator derived from testicular tissue, investigated for regulatory effects on testicular cell function and age-related reproductive hormone decline. Like other Khavinson-class bioregulators, testagen is proposed to act as a short regulatory peptide that modulates gene expression in target organ cells — in this case, testicular Leydig cells responsible for testosterone synthesis and Sertoli cells that support spermatogenesis. The Khavinson bioregulator model posits that short peptides derived from specific tissues preferentially interact with chromatin regulatory elements in homologous tissues, restoring expression of age-downregulated genes and partially reversing organ-level functional decline associated with aging. Research interest in testagen centers on age-associated decline in testicular function, including reduced Leydig cell activity and the associated decline in testosterone biosynthesis that characterizes male aging. Preclinical studies have examined testagen-class peptides for effects on reproductive hormone levels, testicular histomorphology, and markers of gonadal function in aged animal models. Testagen is part of the broader Khavinson bioregulator research program that has also characterized thymalin (thymus), cortagen (cardiovascular/neural), cartalax (cartilage), and pinealon (pineal gland) as organ-specific regulatory peptides. Testagen benefits investigated in preclinical research include support for testosterone biosynthesis pathways, maintenance of Leydig cell populations, and preservation of testicular tissue architecture with aging. These effects are proposed to occur through epigenetic regulatory mechanisms rather than direct hormonal supplementation, distinguishing bioregulator peptides from exogenous testosterone replacement. Testagen is classified as a research compound with no regulatory approval in any jurisdiction. No human clinical trials have established safety or efficacy for testicular support, testosterone augmentation, or reproductive function endpoints. Research protocols have examined testagen primarily via subcutaneous injection, with oral delivery also studied in bioregulator research contexts.

Testoluten

testicular peptide bioregulator · testicular Khavinson peptide

Testoluten is a Khavinson-class peptide bioregulator derived from testicular tissue, developed as part of Vladimir Khavinson's systematic organ-specific bioregulator research program at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, and proposed to restore gene expression and functional parameters in aging testicular tissue through peptide-chromatin regulatory element interaction rather than hormonal receptor agonism. As a testicular tissue-derived bioregulator, Testoluten is positioned within the Khavinson framework as a compound designed to modulate transcription in Leydig cells and Sertoli cells, potentially influencing testosterone biosynthesis, spermatogenesis, and testicular aging by reactivating gene expression programs that decline with age and environmental stress. Published research on the Khavinson peptide bioregulator class documents the systematic characterization of organ-specific short peptides and their proposed epigenetic mechanisms, with class-level evidence from animal models and human observational studies supporting the concept of peptide-mediated restoration of tissue-specific physiological parameters. Testoluten has no FDA approval and no approved indication in any Western jurisdiction; no indexed PubMed publications specifically report clinical outcomes for testoluten in controlled human studies, and the compound is available only through the Russian bioregulator market under the class-level evidence framework published by the Khavinson group.

Thymalin

Thymus peptide · Glu-Trp dipeptide complex

Thymalin is a polypeptide preparation and Khavinson-class bioregulator derived from thymic tissue, proposed to restore age-related immune dysfunction associated with thymic involution by supplying thymic hormonal signals that support T-lymphocyte differentiation, immune homeostasis, and immunological reserve in elderly subjects. As a thymic bioregulator, thymalin is proposed to modulate gene expression in aging lymphoid cells through peptide-chromatin interactions and to support thymopoiesis and T-cell maturation in subjects whose endogenous thymic output has declined with age-associated involution. Published observational research from the Khavinson laboratory documented that long-term supplementation with thymalin and related thymic and pineal peptides was associated with significantly reduced all-cause mortality in elderly cohorts over extended follow-up, and earlier work reported geroprotective effects of thymalin and epithalamin in Russian geriatric research populations. Thymalin is not FDA-approved; it is available as a clinical preparation in Russia, where it has regulatory approval for immune support in elderly patients, and its evidence base derives from Russian-origin observational and preclinical studies with limited independent replication by international standards. Thymalin benefits investigated in preclinical and clinical research include immune system restoration in aged subjects, improved T-lymphocyte counts and function, modulation of cytokine balance toward anti-inflammatory profiles, and partial reversal of age-associated thymic involution. Long-term studies in aged animal models have documented lifespan extension with thymalin administration, and observational research in elderly human cohorts using thymic peptide preparations has associated treatment with reduced all-cause mortality over multiyear follow-up periods — findings published in Russian medical literature. As a thymic bioregulator, thymalin is proposed to work by restoring the hormonal output of the aging thymus rather than by immunosuppression or direct cytokine administration, distinguishing it from synthetic immunomodulatory drugs. Research interest also includes thymalin for age-related infections susceptibility, autoimmune regulation, and overall immune resilience as part of longevity-focused bioregulator protocols.

Vesugen

Lys-Glu-Asp · Vascular bioregulator · Khavinson vascular peptide

Vesugen is a synthetic peptide classified as a Khavinson-class bioregulator targeted at vascular endothelial and smooth muscle tissue, investigated for cytoprotective and anti-aging effects on the vascular wall through proposed gene expression regulatory mechanisms acting on endothelial and smooth muscle cell populations. Like other Khavinson bioregulator peptides, vesugen is proposed to modulate gene expression in target vascular cells through interactions with chromatin regulatory elements and transcription factor binding sites, with effects proposed to support endothelial integrity and vascular wall homeostasis under conditions of aging-related cellular stress. Published research on Khavinson-class short peptides has characterized systematic gene expression regulatory effects and cell differentiation regulatory capacity across multiple tissue types, providing the class-level mechanistic framework within which vesugen's vascular effects are proposed. Vesugen has no FDA approval or regulatory approval in any major Western jurisdiction; evidence derives entirely from Khavinson-series preclinical and class-level studies with no independent clinical trials published in Western-indexed journals.

Vilon

Lys-Glu · Khavinson immune dipeptide

Vilon is a synthetic dipeptide (Lys-Glu, KE) classified as a Khavinson-class bioregulator originally derived from thymic tissue, proposed to modulate immune function in aging subjects by providing minimal thymic regulatory dipeptide signals that support T-lymphocyte activation and immune homeostasis diminished by age-related thymic involution. As the minimal active dipeptide unit of the Khavinson thymic bioregulator class, vilon is proposed to act through amino acid transporter uptake and modulation of intracellular signaling — including sphingomyelin pathway signal transduction in thymocytes — to restore T-cell activation thresholds and proliferative responses in immune cells from elderly subjects. Research has characterized natural and synthetic thymic peptides including vilon as therapeutic candidates for immune dysfunction, and experimental work has demonstrated that short Khavinson-class peptides modulate thymocyte blast transformation and sphingomyelin pathway signaling in immune cell preparations. Vilon has no FDA approval; evidence derives from Khavinson-series Russian preclinical and observational studies, and it has no regulatory approval in any major Western jurisdiction.

Vladonix

thymus peptide bioregulator · thymus Khavinson peptide · thymus cytomax

Vladonix is a Khavinson-class peptide bioregulator derived from thymus tissue, developed as part of Vladimir Khavinson's systematic organ-specific bioregulator research program at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, and proposed to restore immune function in aging subjects by modulating gene expression in thymic epithelial cells and thymus-dependent lymphocyte populations. As a thymic tissue-derived bioregulator, Vladonix shares its mechanistic framework with thymalin, the better-characterized Khavinson thymus compound; both are proposed to interact with chromatin regulatory elements in thymic cells to reactivate gene expression programs that decline with immunosenescence, potentially restoring T-cell maturation and peripheral immune competence. Published research from the Khavinson group on thymus-derived short peptides, including thymalin, has demonstrated human hematopoietic stem cell differentiation activity, immune modulation in aged subjects, and class-level evidence for thymic peptide bioregulation, providing biological plausibility for this compound class. Vladonix has no FDA approval and no approved indication in any Western jurisdiction; it is the commercial thymic bioregulator product distinct from thymalin but sharing the same class evidence framework, with no independent published clinical trials specific to this formulation, and its use is confined to the Russian integrative and anti-aging medicine context.