Peptide Profile
FSH
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone · follitropin · urofollitropin · Gonal-F · Follistim
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is an endogenous heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone produced and secreted by pituitary gonadotrophs, composed of a non-covalently associated common alpha subunit shared with LH, TSH, and hCG,…
- Routes
- subcutaneous, intramuscular
Educational research information — not medical advice. Review primary sources and consult a qualified professional before any decision.
Educational research tools — not medical advice.
What FSH is
About FSH
Binds FSH receptors on Sertoli cells in testes to support sperm maturation and inhibin B production. In women, binds granulosa cell FSH receptors to drive follicular growth and estradiol production.
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is an endogenous heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone produced and secreted by pituitary gonadotrophs, composed of a non-covalently associated common alpha subunit shared with LH, TSH, and hCG, and a unique FSH-specific beta subunit that confers receptor specificity; it is the primary regulator of gametogenesis in both sexes, acting on ovarian granulosa cells and testicular Sertoli cells to drive reproductive development. FSH activates its cognate receptor (FSHR) through cAMP-mediated signaling to stimulate follicular maturation and estradiol synthesis in the ovary via aromatase upregulation, and to support spermatogenesis in the testis by promoting Sertoli cell function and germ cell proliferation; FSH levels rise dramatically at menopause as negative feedback from ovarian estrogen declines. A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis established that recombinant FSH preparations are clinically equivalent to urinary-derived gonadotropins for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles, providing the evidence base underlying current ART practice; this review supports the use of recombinant FSH as the standard of care for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. FDA-approved recombinant FSH preparations — follitropin alfa (Gonal-f) and follitropin beta (Follistim) — require a prescription and are indicated for ovulation induction and ART in women and for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in men; endogenous FSH is not administered as a therapeutic agent, and research-grade recombinant FSH is used as a cell culture tool and reproductive biology research compound.
Women's Health
Recombinant FSH is the evidence-based standard for ovulation induction and controlled ovarian stimulation in ART. FDA-approved recombinant preparations (follitropin alfa/Gonal-f, follitropin beta/Follistim) carry a Pregnancy Category X-equivalent contraindication under the Menopur label class — FSH/menotropin products are not used in established pregnancy. FSH has no evidenced role in menopause treatment; in fact the endogenous-biology direction relevant to menopause is FSH blockade, studied only in mice.
FSH Benefits & Research Areas
What the evidence says about FSH
Research Evidence
based on 12 studies · most recent 2026
Regulatory Status
- Availability Status
- Prescription
- FDA Status
- FDA Approved
- Effective Date
- September 29, 1997
- Source
- View FDA source →
Regulatory status reflects publicly available information and may change. This is not legal or medical advice.
Research Sources
12 sources cited · 2 strong · 10 moderate
2 Meta-analysis · 9 Cohorts · 1 Review
Recombinant versus urinary gonadotrophin for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · 2011
This Cochrane meta-analysis of 42 randomized controlled trials involving 9,606 couples found no statistically significant difference in live birth rate between recombinant FSH and urinary gonadotrophins (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.87-1.08) for ovarian stimulation in IVF and ICSI cycles, establishing clinical equivalence and informing FSH preparation selection based on availability and cost.
Efficacy and safety of hMG versus recombinant FSH: a meta-analysis
Reprod Biomed Online · 2008
Meta-analysis establishing recombinant FSH efficacy/safety for ovulation induction in ART.
Revisiting ESR in PCOS: an easily obtainable link to immune and metabolic dysregulation.
J Ovarian Res · 2026
Show 9 more sources ↓
[Association between sex hormone levels and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in older adults aged 65 years and above in 18 longevity areas in China].
Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi · 2026
[Association between sex hormone levels and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in older adults aged 65 years and above in 18 longevity areas in China].
Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi · 2026
The improvement of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on the ovarian microenvironment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Ovarian Res · 2026
# Summary This systematic review and meta-analysis found that umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UCMSC) transplantation in mouse models of premature ovarian failure significantly decreased serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels while simultaneously increasing estradiol and anti-Müllerian hormone levels. Research also demonstrated that UCMSC transplantation increased the number of follicles at multiple developmental stages (primordial, primary, secondary, and antral follicles) in these animal models.
Functional Landscape of Zebrafish Gonadotropins and Receptors: A Comprehensive Genetic Analysis.
Genetics · 2026
Recovery of gonadal axis in patients with prolactinomas.
Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes · 2026
# Summary Research found that in prolactinoma patients treated with cabergoline, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis—measured by markers including FSH levels—normalized over an average of 82 days, with recovery time significantly influenced by initial prolactin levels, patient gender, and age. This study demonstrated that understanding these factors is important for predicting the timeline of gonadal axis recovery in prolactinoma management.
Menopause and vascular endothelial health: Is it all about the oestrogen?
Exp Physiol · 2026
# Summary This study demonstrated that the cardiovascular risks associated with menopause extend beyond estrogen decline alone, with rising FSH levels also contributing to vascular endothelial dysfunction through mechanisms involving endothelin-1 signaling, oxidative stress, and inflammatory pathways. Research found that understanding the effects of multiple sex hormones—including FSH, progesterone, and LH—is essential to fully explain the accelerated cardiovascular disease risk observed in menopausal women.
Molecular analysis of FSHR rs6166 polymorphism and oxidative stress parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Mol Biol Rep · 2026
Lycopene ameliorates acrylamide-induced reproductive toxicity through enhancement in testicular antioxidant status and upregulation of androgen receptor expression in male Wistar rats.
BMC Pharmacol Toxicol · 2026
# Summary Research found that lycopene improved reproductive function in rats exposed to acrylamide by enhancing antioxidant defenses in testicular tissue and increasing the expression of androgen receptors, while also restoring hormonal balance including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. This study demonstrated that lycopene's protective mechanisms involved reducing oxidative stress markers and improving sperm quality parameters in acrylamide-exposed male rats.
Functional Landscape of Zebrafish Gonadotropins and Receptors: A Comprehensive Genetic Analysis.
Genetics · 2026
FSH Side Effects & Safety Considerations
Contraindications below are derived from the compound’s FDA label. Educational only — not medical advice.
Absolute contraindications
Under clinical review
Being verified by our medical team before we display contraindications for this peptide.
Common monitoring markers in research protocols
Under clinical review
Being verified by our medical team before we display monitoring guidance for this peptide.
Consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health decisions. This information is educational only and does not constitute medical advice.
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Frequently Asked Questions — FSH
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is an endogenous heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone produced and secreted by pituitary gonadotrophs, composed of a non-covalently associated common alpha subunit shared with LH, TSH, and hCG, and a unique FSH-specific beta subunit that confers receptor specificity; it is the primary regulator of gametogenesis in both sexes, acting on ovarian granulosa cells and testicular Sertoli cells to drive reproductive development. FSH activates its cognate receptor (FSHR) through cAMP-mediated signaling to stimulate follicular maturation and estradiol synthesis in the ovary via aromatase upregulation, and to support spermatogenesis in the testis by promoting Sertoli cell function and germ cell proliferation; FSH levels rise dramatically at menopause as negative feedback from ovarian estrogen declines.
spermatogenesis, fertility support, follicular development, ovarian stimulation, HPG axis.
Research on FSH primarily documents effects related to spermatogenesis and fertility support and follicular development and ovarian stimulation and HPG axis. These are areas covered in preclinical and clinical literature — individual response varies and effects depend on context of use.
For FSH, its FDA status is FDA-approved, and it is available by prescription. Regulatory status reflects publicly available information and may change. This is not legal or medical advice.
This Cochrane meta-analysis of 42 randomized controlled trials involving 9,606 couples found no statistically significant difference in live birth rate between recombinant FSH and urinary gonadotrophins (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.87-1.08) for ovarian stimulation in IVF and ICSI cycles, establishing clinical equivalence and informing FSH preparation selection based on availability and cost.
How to get FSH
Where to buy FSH
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