Noopept

Prodrug converting to cycloprolylglycine; modulates AMPA and NMDA receptors; increases NGF and BDNF expression

Noopept (GVS-111) is a synthetic dipeptide nootropic studied primarily in Russia and Eastern Europe as a cognitive enhancer and neuroprotectant, structurally derived from the endogenous cycloprolylglycine neuropeptide and related to the racetam family. It is proposed to modulate AMPA receptor sensitivity, enhance alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in hippocampal interneurons, and increase expression of NGF and BDNF, potentially supporting synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. Russian clinical trials in patients with mild cognitive impairment following stroke have reported improvements in cognitive scores, while preclinical studies have characterized its cellular mechanisms in hippocampal preparations. Noopept is sold as a dietary supplement or nootropic in some jurisdictions and classified as a prescription drug in others; it has not received FDA approval and is not approved by the EMA. Noopept nasal spray and delivery routes: Noopept is studied across multiple delivery routes, with nasal spray emerging as a popular administration method due to the olfactory-to-brain pathway that bypasses first-pass metabolism and delivers the compound more directly to the central nervous system. Noopept nasal spray formulations are typically prepared at concentrations of 0.3–1mg per actuation, with research protocols examining 1–3 doses per day. Sublingual administration has also been explored for similar bioavailability advantages over oral dosing. Oral capsules remain the most common form in research contexts, with typical study doses ranging from 10–30mg per day across Russian clinical research. Anxiety and stress resilience are among the secondary research areas for Noopept beyond its primary cognitive enhancement profile — its anxiolytic effects have been observed in preclinical studies, attributed in part to its modulation of the GABAergic system and BDNF upregulation. Sleep architecture effects and ADHD-adjacent attentional improvements have also been noted anecdotally in research user communities, though controlled trial data for these applications is limited. Noopept is a research compound; no approved dosing guidelines exist outside its Russian prescription context.