Angiotensin (1-7) vs Retinalamin

Binds Mas receptor (MasR), activating nitric oxide synthase and reducing oxidative stress. Opposes TGF-β and angiotensin II signaling to reduce fibrosis. Enhances insulin sensitivity and provides cardiovascular protection.

Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is an endogenous heptapeptide hormone generated primarily through cleavage of angiotensin II by ACE2, functioning as a counter-regulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by binding the Mas receptor to promote vasodilation, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects that oppose the vasoconstrictive actions of angiotensin II. Ang-(1-7) acts through the ACE2/Mas receptor axis to reduce oxidative stress, attenuate NF-kB-mediated inflammation, and suppress TGF-beta fibrosis signaling; the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis has emerged as a key regulatory pathway in cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and gained renewed research attention given ACE2's role as the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. A Phase 1-2 randomized clinical trial of Ang-(1-7) infusion in COVID-19 ICU patients reported preliminary safety, tolerability, and dose-response data, providing the primary indexed human pharmacokinetic evidence; broader cardiovascular protective applications are supported by preclinical data but have not been established by completed Phase 3 trials. Ang-(1-7) has no FDA approval and no approved therapeutic indication in any jurisdiction; it is an endogenous peptide under active clinical investigation as a candidate for cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory conditions, with emerging human safety data but an incomplete evidence base for any specific approved clinical use.

Polypeptide bioregulator from bovine retina; normalizes retinal pigment epithelial and photoreceptor cell function; reduces oxidative damage in retinal tissue

Retinalamin is a polypeptide bioregulator preparation derived from retinal tissue, classified as a Khavinson-class agent investigated for neuroprotective and anti-aging effects in photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells, proposed to support visual function by modulating gene expression and cellular homeostasis in aging retinal tissue. Like other Khavinson bioregulator preparations, retinalamin is proposed to exert tissue-specific regulatory effects through intracellular transport of ultrashort active peptide components via amino acid carrier mechanisms, modulating transcriptional activity in retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells under degenerative or age-related stress conditions. Published research on Khavinson-class ultrashort peptides has characterized intracellular transport mechanisms via POT and LAT carriers and neuroepigenetic regulatory actions in aging neural tissue, providing the class-level mechanistic framework within which retinalamin's retinal effects are proposed. Retinalamin has no FDA approval; it is used as a clinical preparation in Russia and Eastern Europe for degenerative retinal conditions, and its evidence base derives from Russian-origin preclinical and observational studies that have not been independently replicated in Western-indexed clinical literature.