Angiotensin (1-7) vs Klotho

Binds Mas receptor (MasR), activating nitric oxide synthase and reducing oxidative stress. Opposes TGF-β and angiotensin II signaling to reduce fibrosis. Enhances insulin sensitivity and provides cardiovascular protection.

A heptapeptide formed from angiotensin II via ACE2 cleavage, or from angiotensin I via neprilysin. Acts as the endogenous counter-regulatory axis to angiotensin II — producing vasodilation, anti-fibrotic, and metabolic benefits via the Mas receptor.

Acts as a co-receptor for FGF23, regulating phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. As a circulating hormone, inhibits insulin/IGF-1 signaling to extend lifespan, activates Nrf2 antioxidant pathways, and suppresses TGF-β fibrotic signaling.

A fragment of the anti-aging Klotho protein that circulates as a hormone after ectodomain shedding. Naturally declines with age. Low Klotho levels are associated with accelerated aging, cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, and reduced lifespan in animal models.