Epithalon vs Klotho

Epithalon is believed to activate telomerase, the enzyme responsible for maintaining telomere length, with several in vitro and animal studies reporting telomere elongation. It also appears to regulate the expression of p53 and other cell-cycle control genes, modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary axis via pineal gland activity, and upregulate antioxidant defences including superoxide dismutase and catalase.

Epithalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) developed from research into the pineal gland peptide complex epithalamin. It is researched for its role in regulating melatonin secretion, antioxidant enzyme activity, and telomere dynamics, with a body of work primarily from Russian research groups.

Acts as a co-receptor for FGF23, regulating phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. As a circulating hormone, inhibits insulin/IGF-1 signaling to extend lifespan, activates Nrf2 antioxidant pathways, and suppresses TGF-β fibrotic signaling.

A fragment of the anti-aging Klotho protein that circulates as a hormone after ectodomain shedding. Naturally declines with age. Low Klotho levels are associated with accelerated aging, cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, and reduced lifespan in animal models.